NCERT History Solutions for Class 12 NCERT Solution (Pdf) Chapter wise Colonialism and the Countryside Question Answer Key In this post , students who are preparing for their exams can get a list of questions and answers related to Chapter 10 Colonialism and the countryside. In detail you can see all the questions and answers of Chapter 10 “Colonialism and the countryside” by NCERT BOOK from our website, which they may use better in exam.
Colonialism and the countryside Important Question Answer
Question 1. Why were the estates (palaces or landed estates) of big landlords auctioned in colonial Bengal?
Answer : Big landlords were often unable to pay the entire revenue. The amount of revenue due on them was increasing every year. Therefore, their landlordies were auctioned by the government.
Question 2. When and who did the Permanent Settlement (Permanent Settlement of Land) in Bengal?
Answer : Permanent settlement of land in Bengal was done by Lord Cornwallis in 1793.
Question 3. What was the Permanent Settlement?
Answer : Permanent settlement was made with the kings and talukdars of Bengal who came to be known as zamindars. They were given some land estates permanently from which they could collect taxes. In return, they had to pay a fixed revenue to the company forever.
Question 4. Explain two reasons for the failure of the Permanent Settlement (Istamarari) introduced by the British in Bengal.
Answer : The two main reasons for the failure of the Permanent Settlement in Bengal were as follows
(1) The zamindars were negligent in fulfilling the revenue demand. As a result, the revenue arrears kept increasing and the government could not get the expected income. Therefore, many zamindars had to be auctioned.
(2) After 1810, the prices of agriculture increased. This increased the price of the produce. As a result, the income of the zamindars of Bengal expanded. Since the revenue demand was determined under the Permanent Settlement, the colonial government could not demand a share from this increased income. Therefore, new revenue settlements were implemented in the territories included in the colonial rule in the nineteenth century.
Question 5. What steps did the Company take to control the landlords and limit their autonomy?
Answer : (1) The military units of the Zamindars were disbanded.
(2) Customs duty was abolished.
(3) The rights of local justice and local police system were taken away from the Zamindars.
(4) Their courts were placed under the Collector appointed by the Company.
Question 6. How did the Jotedars oppose the Zamindars? Write any two points. Why did they do this?
Answer : (1) The Jotedars opposed the efforts of the Zamindars to increase the village deposit rent.
(2) They prevented the Zamindar’s officers from performing their duties and kept the farmers dependent on them united in their favour.
The Jotedars opposed the Zamindars to increase their influence and control in the village.
Question 7. When was the fifth report presented in the British Parliament? What was its purpose?
Answer : The fifth report was presented in the British Parliament in 1813. Its objective was to control the economic activities of the company in India so that the British nation and British industrialists could also benefit from them.
Question 8. Who were the Pahariya people? How did they sustain themselves?
Answer : In the colonial period, the people living around the Rajmahal Hills were called Pahariyas. These people used to make their living from forest products. Apart from this, they also used to do Jhum farming.
Question 9. What was the reaction of the plains landowners and traders to the attacks of the hill chiefs?
Answer : (1) The zamindars paid regular tributes to the hill chiefs to protect themselves from their attacks.
(2) The traders who used the routes controlled by the hill chiefs also paid them taxes (road tax). In return, the hill people protected the traders and assured them that their goods would not be looted.
Question 10. Why did the British adopt the policy of settling Santhals in place of Pahadias?
Answer : The British wanted to clear the forests in the Rajmahal hills and start permanent agriculture. The hill people were not at all ready to do this, while the Santhals were interested in it. For this reason, the British adopted the policy of settling the Santhals in place of the Pahadias.
Question 11. What was ‘Damin-e-Koh’?
Answer : In 1832, the British demarcated a large area of land in the Rajmahal hilly region and declared it the land of the Santhals. They had to do permanent agriculture here. This land was named ‘Damin-e-Koh’.
Question 12. Describe any two changes that came in the life of the Santhals in Damin-i-Koh.
Answer : (1) The Santhals gave up their nomadic life and settled permanently in Damin-i-Koh.
(2) They started cultivating many types of commercial (cash) crops and started transacting with moneylenders and traders.
Question 13. Which land revenue system was implemented by the British government in Bombay Deccan? In what way was it different from the permanent settlement of Bengal?
Or
name the revenue system implemented by the British in Bombay Deccan and also tell one of its features.
Answer : The revenue system implemented by the British government in Bombay Deccan is called Ryotwari. Unlike the Permanent Settlement of Bengal, in this system the amount of revenue was fixed directly with the raiyat instead of the zamindar.
Question 14. What was the sunset law regarding revenue?
Answer : According to the permanent settlement, it was mandatory for the landlords to pay the revenue on time. According to the sunset law, if the payment was not made by sunset on the fixed date, then the landlord’s land could be auctioned.
Question 15. Why was the power of the Jotedars more than that of the Zamindars in the villages? Give any two reasons.
Answer : (1) Zamindars lived in cities. On the other hand, Jotedars lived in villages with poor villagers. Thus, they had direct control over a large section of villagers. | (2) Usually Jotedars themselves bought the Zamindars’ estates that were auctioned.
Question 16. The peasants remained loyal to their old landlord rather than the new landlord. Why? Write any two reasons.
Answer : (1) The peasants felt attached to the old landlord and considered him their provider.
(2) The sale of the landlordship hurt their self-respect and pride.
Question 17. Which two factors helped in strengthening the position of the landlords in the beginning of the 19th century?
Answer : (1) The depression of the beginning of the 19th century ended and the prices of agricultural produce rose.
(2) The rules regarding payment of revenue were made flexible.
Question 18. Tell any four things included in the appendix of the fifth report.
Answer : (1) Applications of zamindars and raiyats.
(2) Reports of collectors of different districts.
(3) Tables relating to revenue statements.
(4) Notes written by officials on the revenue and judicial administration of Bengal and Madras.
Question 19. Write any three facts highlighted by Buchanan (in the early 19th century) about the Rajmahal Hills.
Answer : According to Buchanan- (1) The hilly region of Rajmahal was such a dangerous region where very few travellers could dare to go.
(2) The behaviour of the residents towards the outsiders was hostile.
(3) The people there were suspicious of the company officials and were not ready to talk to them.
(Colonialism and the countryside – study of government records.
Question 20. The life of the hill people was closely linked to the forest. Give examples.
Answer : The Pahadia people were undoubtedly closely connected to the forest
(1) They used to hunt in the forest.
(2) They used to do Jhum farming by clearing a piece of forest.
(3) They used to raise silkworms in the forest.
(4) They used to collect wood from the forest for making food items and charcoal.
Question 21. When were the Cotton Supply Association and the Cotton Company in Manchester established in Britain? What was their purpose?
Answer : The Cotton Supply Association was established in Britain in 1857. The Manchester Cotton Company was formed in 1859. Their aim was to encourage the production of cotton in every corner of the world so that their company could grow.
Question 22. What was the other name of the ‘Bombay Deccan Revenue System’ in the 1820s? Mention any three of its features.
Answer : The revenue system implemented by the British government in Bombay Deccan in the 1820s is called Raiyatwada.
Features- (1) In this system, the amount of revenue was fixed directly with the raiyat instead of the zamindar.
(2) All the intermediaries between the government and the farmers were removed.
(3) This system was better than the permanent system. In this, the rights of the farmers increased and the government income increased.
Question 23. State any two demerits of the revenue system (Ryotwari) introduced in the 1820s in Bombay Deccan.
Answer : (1) The demand for revenue was so high that in many places farmers left their villages and migrated to new areas.
(2) The problem was even more severe in regions with poor soil and low rainfall. When there was no rain and the crops failed, it became impossible for the farmers to pay the revenue.
Question 24. India was considered by Britain as a country that could send cotton to Lancashire if the supply of cotton from America stopped. Why so?
Answer : (1) Both the land and the climate of India were suitable for cotton cultivation.
(2) Cheap labour was also available in India.
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